CenUSA Bioenergy is a coordinated research and education effort investigating the creation of a regional system in the Central US for producing advanced transportation fuels from perennial grasses on land that is either unsuitable or marginal for row crop production. In addition to producing advanced biofuels, the proposed system will improve the sustainability of existing cropping systems by reducing agricultural runoff of nutrients in soil and increasing carbon sequestration.
CenUSA Bioenergy researchers from Iowa State University, Purdue University, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, University of Nebraska, University of Illinois and the USDA Agricultural Research Service cover topics of interest to producers and growers in the following resources. Learn more about the CenUSA Bioenergy Project.
CenUSA Bioenergy Learning Modules – Table of Contents
- The CenUSA Legacy: Creating a Sustainable Biofuels and Bioproducts System for the Midwest
- Module 1. Feedstock Development
- Module 2. Sustainable Feedstock Production
- Module 3. Feedstock Logistics: Harvest & Storage
- Module 4. System Performance: Economics, Environment, Modeling, Analysis and Tools
- Module 5. Feedstock Conversion and Biofuel Co-Products
- Module 6. Markets and Distribution
- Module 7. Health and Safety
- “Formal” Education Programs and Curriculum
- Extension Programs
-
CenUSA Social Media
- Newsletter, Facebook, Twitter
- CenUSA Bioenergy Resources by Media Type
Module 1. Feedstock Development
CenUSA Feedstock Team Developing Improved Switchgrass Varieties
Fact Sheets
- Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) for Biofuel Production – Rob Mitchell, USDA-ARS (related PDF handout)
- Plant Breeders Create New and Better Switchgrass Varieties for Biofuels– Michael Casler, USDA-ARS
Research Summaries
- Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis Provides Efficient Evaluation of Biomass Samples – Bruce Dien, USDA-ARS
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Research Finds Strong Genetic Diversity in Switchgrass Gene Pools – Michael Casler
CenUSA switchgrass cultivar research comparing the weights of bales grown on Blane Steckly Farm in Nebraska. Photo: Keith Glewen, University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
Webinars
- Switchgrass and Perennial Grasses, Biomass and Biofuels – Part 1 – Ken Vogel, USDA-ARS
- Switchgrass and Perennial Grasses, Biomass and Biofuels- Part 2 – Ken Vogel, USDA-ARS
- Switchgrass Production Industry Perspectives – David Stock, Stock Seed Farms
- Diversifying Cellulosic Feedstocks – DK Lee
- Aphid Resistance in Switchgrass CenUSA Bioenergy – Kyle Koch
Instructional Video
- Plant Breeding to Improve Yield and Sustainability of Perennial Grasses – Michael Casler
- Plant Pathogen Risk Analysis for Bioenergy Switchgrass Grown in the Central USA – Gary Yuen
- Entomology Research: Examining Insect Populations and Exploring Natural Plant Resistance (Captions) – Tiffany Heng-Moss
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Why is it important to be able to grow a consistent and uniform supply of a biomass feedstock?
- Should I begin establishing switchgrass in case they put a cellulosic ethanol plant near by?
Journal Publications
- Casler, M.D. (2014). Heterosis and reciprocal-cross effects in tetraploid switchgrass. Crop Sci. 54(5): 2063 . DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2013.12.0821.
- Casler, M.D. & Vogel, K.P. (2014). Selection for biomass yield in upland, lowland, and hybrid switchgrass. Crop Sci. 54(2):626-636. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2013.04.0239.
- Dien, B. S., P.J. O’Bryan, R.E. Hector, L.B. Iten, R.B. Mitchell, N. Qureshi, S. Gautum, K.P. Vogel, & M.A. Cotta. 2013. Conversion of switchgrass to ethanol using dilute ammonium hydroxide pretreatment: influence of ecotype and harvest maturity. Environ. Technol. 34:13-14. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.833640
- Feng, Q., I. Chaubey, G.Y. Her, R. Cibin, B. Engel, J.J. Volenec & X. Wang. 2015. Hydrologic and water quality impacts and biomass production potential on marginal land. Environmental Modelling & Software. 72:230-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.07.004
- Jahufer, M.Z.Z. & M.D. Casler. 2014. Application of the Smith-Hazel selection index for improving biomass yield and quality of switchgrass. Crop Sci. 55(3):1212. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.08.0575.
- Koch, K., R. Fithian, T. Heng-Moss, J. Bradshaw, J., G. Sarath, & C. Spilker. (2014). Evaluation of tetraploid switchgrass populations (Panicum virgatum L.) for host suitability and differential resistance to four cereal aphids. J. Econ. Entomol. 107(1):424-431. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13315
- Koch, K., T. Heng-Moss, J. Bradshaw & G. Sarath, G. (2014). Categories of resistance to greenbug and yellow sugarcane aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in three tetraploid switchgrass populations. Bioenerg. Res. 7:909-918. DOI: 10.1007/s12155-014-9420-1
- Koch, K., N. Palmer, M. Stamm, J. Bradshaw, E. Blankenship, L. Baird, G. Sarath, and T. Heng-Moss. 2014. Characterization of Greenbug Feeding Behavior and Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Host Preference in Relation to Resistant and Susceptible Tetraploid Switchgrass Populations. Bioenergy Research 8: 165-174.
- Nichols, V.A., F.E. Miguez, M.E. Jarchow, M.Z. Liebman & B.S. Dien 2014. Comparison of cellulosic ethanol yields from midwestern maize and reconstructed tallgrass prairie systems managed for bioenergy. Bioenerg. Res. 7: 1550. doi: 10.1007/s12155-014-9494-9
- Price, D.L. & M.D. Casler (2014). Divergent selection for secondary traits in upland tetraploid switchgrass and effects on sward biomass yield. BioEnergy Res. 7(1):329-337. doi: 10.1007/s12155-013-9374-8
- Price, D.L. & M.D. Casler. (2014). Inheritance of secondary morphological traits for among-and-within-family selection in upland tetraploid switchgrass. Crop Sci. 54:646-653. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.04.0273
- Price, D.L. & M.D. Casler. (2014). Predictive relationships between plant morphological traits and biomass yield of switchgrass. Crop Sci. 54(2):637-645. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.04.0272
- Ramstein, G.P., J. Evans S.M. Kaeppler, R.B. Mitchell, K.P. Vogel, C.R. Buell & M.D. Casler. 2015. Accuracy of genomic prediction in switchgrass improved by accounting for linkage disequilibrium. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genet. 6(4):1049-1062. doi: 10.1534/g3.115.024950. http://g3journal.org/content/6/4/1049.full
- Resende, R.M.S., de Resende, M.D.V. & Casler, M.D. (2013). Selection methods in forage breeding: a quantitative appraisal. Crop Sci. 53:1925-1936.
- Resende, R.M.S., Casler, M.D., & de Resende, M.D.V. (2014). Genomic selection in forage breeding: Accuracy and methods. Crop Sci. 54:143-156.
- Schaeffer, S., F. Baxendale, T. Heng-Moss, R. Sitz, G. Sarath, R. Mitchell, & R. Shearman. 2011. Characterization of the arthropod community associated with switchgrass Poales: Poaceae in Nebraska. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 84(2): 87-104. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/54245/PDF
- Serapiglia, M.J., A.A. Boateng, D.K. Lee & M.D. Casler. (2016). Switchgrass harvest time management can impact biomass yield and nutrient content. Crop Sci. 56(4):1970-1980. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.08.0527
- Serapiglia, M.J., B. Dien, A.A. Boateng & M.D. Casler. 2016. Impact of harvest time and switchgrass cultivar on sugar release through enzymatic hydrolysis. BioEnergy Res. DOI: 10.1007/s12155-016-9803-6
- Serapiglia, M.J., C.A. Mullen, A.A. Boateng, B. Dien & M.D. Casler. 2016. Impact of harvest time and cultivar on conversion of switchgrass to fast pyrolysis bio-oils. BioEnergy Res. (In review).
- Slininger, P.J., B.S. Dien, C.P. Kurtzman, B.R. Moser, E.L. Bakota, S.R. Thompson, P.J. O’Bryan, M.A. Cotta, V. Balan, M. Jin, M.D. Sousa & B.E. Dale. 2016. Comparative lipid production by oleaginous yeasts in hydrolyzates of lignocellulosic biomass and process strategy for high titers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 113: 1676–1690. doi: 10.1002/bit.25928
- Stewart C.L., J.D. Pyle, K.P. Vogel, G.Y. Yuen & K.G. Scholthof. 2015. Multi-year pathogen survey of biofuel switchgrass breeding plots reveals high prevalence of infections by Panicum mosaic virus and its satellite virus. Phytopathology 105:1146-1154. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-03-15-0062-R
- Vogel, K.P., G. Sarath & R.B. Mitchell. 2014. Micromesh fabric pollination bags for switchgrass. Crop Sci. 54(4): 1621-1623. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.09.0647
- Vogel, K.P., Mitchell, R.B., Casler, M.D. & G. Sarath. (2014). Registration of ‘Liberty’ switchgrass. J. Plant Registration 8:242–247. DOI: 10.3198/jpr2013.12.0076crc.
Module 2. Sustainable Feedstock Production
Fact Sheets
- Guidelines to Growing Perennial Grasses for Biofuel and Bioproducts (PDF) – Rob Mitchell
- Estimated Cost of Establishment and Production of “Liberty” Switchgrass: Perennial Grass Decision Support Tool – Mainul Hoque, Georgeanne Artz, Chad Hart
- Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) for Biofuel Production – Rob Mitchell, USDA-ARS (related PDF handout)
- Storing Perennial Grasses Grown for Biofuel – Kevin Shinners
- Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L) Stand Establishment: Key Factors for Success – Rob Mitchell (related PDF handout)
- Logistical Challenges to Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a Bioenergy Crop – Amy Kohmetscher, Stuart Birrell
- Test Plots Show How Perennial Grasses Can Be Grown for Biofuels – (related PDF handout)
- Successfully Harvest Switchgrass Grown for Biofuel; Kevin Shinners, Pam Porter (related PDF handout)
- Control Weeds in Switchgrass (Panicum Virgatum L.) Grown for Biomass – Rob Mitchell, USDA-ARS
Research Summaries

- Biochar Can Improve the Sustainability of Stover Removal for Bioenergy – David Laird
- Biofuel Quality Improved by Delaying Harvest of Perennial Grass – Emily Heaton
Webinars
- Diversifying Cellulosic Feedstocks – DK Lee
- Switchgrass Economics in the North Central Region of the USA (Captioned) – Richard Perrin
- Switchgrass Establishment, Weed Control, and Seed Quality – Rob Mitchell
- No-Till Drill Calibration Training Video (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
- Switchgrass and Bioenergy Crop Logistics – Stuart Birrell
- Switchgrass Cost of Production – Marty Schmer
- Competition for Land Use: Why would the rational producer grow switchgrass for biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
- Overview of Switchgrass Diseases – Stephen Wegulo
- Perennial Herbaceous Biomass Biomass Production and Harvest in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Northern Great Plains – Susan Rupp
- Biochar and Beyond with ARTi – Matt Kieffer, Juan Proano and Bernardo del Campo
- Switchgrass Decision Tool – Keri Jacobs and Chad Hart
Instructional Video
- Intro to No-Till Drill Calibration for Switchgrass (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
- Switchgrass Planting Practices for Stand Establishment – Rob Mitchell
- How to Measure Stand Establishment Using a Grid – John Guretzky
- Harvesting Native Grass for Biofuel Production (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
- Optimizing Harvest of Perennial Grasses for Biofuel – Kevin Shinners, Pam Porter (related PDF handout)
- Role of Biochar in Achieving a Carbon Negative Economy – David Laird
- Commercialization Update: Opportunities for Perennial Biofeedstocks – Rob Mitchell
- Plant Pathogen Risk Analysis for Bioenergy Switchgrass Grown in the Central USA – Gary Yuen
- Entomology Research: Examining Insect Populations and Exploring Natural Plant Resistance (Captions) – Tiffany Heng-Moss
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Will switchgrass grow well in my region?
- How do I grow switchgrass to provide biomass to be used in the production of biofuels?
- When should I plant switchgrass?
- Should I fertilize switchgrass when I plant it?
- Will weeds be a problem after my switchgrass stand is established?
Journal Publications
- Archontoulis, S.V., I. Huber, F.E. Miguez, P.J. Thorburn & D.A. Laird. 2016. A model for mechanistic and system assessments of biochar effects on soils and crops and tradeoffs. GCB Bioenergy 8: 1028–1045. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12314
- Bakshi, S., D.M. Aller & D.A. Laird. 2016. Comparison of the physical and chemical properties of laboratory- and field-aged biochars. J. Environ. Qual. 45(5):1627-1634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301675850_Comparison_of_the_Phy… 10.2134/jeq2016.02.0062
- Bonin C., Heaton E.A. & Barb J. (2014). Miscanthus sacchariflorus: biofuel parent or new weed? Global Change Biology Bioenergy. Article first published online: 31 JAN 2014 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12098.
- Cibin, R., E. Trybula, I. Chaubey, S.M. Brouder & J.J. Volenec. 2016. Watershed scale impacts of bioenergy crops on hydrology and water quality using improved SWAT model. GCB Bioenergy 8(4):837-848. doi: http://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12307
- Coulman, B., Dalai A., Heaton E.A., Lefsrud M., Levin D., Lemaux, P.G., Neale D., Shoemaker S. P., Singh J., Smith D.L. & Whalen J.K. (2013). Lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks. BioFPR, 7, 582-601; invited submission.
- Dierking, R.M., D. Allen, S.M. Brouder & J.J. Volenec. 2016. Yield, biomass composition, and N use efficiency during establishment of four Miscanthus × giganteus genotypes as influenced by N management. Biomass Bioenergy 91:98-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.05.005
- Dowd, P.F., G. Sarath, R.B. Mitchell, A.J. Saathoff & K.P. Vogel. 2012. Insect resistance of a full sib family of tetraploid switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. with varying lignin levels. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 60(3):975-983. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-012-9893-8/fulltext.html. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9893-8
- Emerson, R., A. Hoover, A. Ray, J. Lacey, M. Cortez, C. Payne, D. Karlen, S. Birrell, D. Laird, R. Kallenbach, J. Egenolf, M. Sousek, and T. Voigt. 2014. Drought effects on composition and yield for corn stover, mixed grasses, and Miscanthus as bioenergy feedstocks. Biofuels. 5(3):275-291.
- Feng, Q., I. Chaubey, G.Y. Her, R. Cibin, B. Engel, J.J. Volenec & X. Wang. 2015. Hydrologic and water quality impacts and biomass production potential on marginal land. Environmental Modelling & Software. 72:230-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.07.004
- Fidel, R.B., Laird, D.A., & Thompson, M.L. (2013). Evaluation of Modified Boehm Titration Methods for Use with Biochars. Journal of Environmental Quality. 42:1771-1778.
- Fidel, R.B. 2015. Biochar properties and impact on soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Ph.D. diss., Iowa State University. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5819&context=etd
- Follett, R.F., K.P. Vogel, G. Varvel, Mitchell, R.B., & J. Kimble. 2012. Soil carbon sequestration by switchgrass and no-till maize grown for bioenergy. Bioenergy Res. 5(4):866-875. doi: 10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y
- Graber, E.R., L. Tsechansky, R.B. Fidel, M.L. Thompson & D.A. Laird. 2016. Determining Acidic Groups at Biochar Surfaces via the Boehm Titration. In: B. Singh, M. Camps-Arbestain J. Lehmann, editors, Methods of Biochar Analysis. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Chapter 8. (In press)
- Heaton E.A., Schulte L.A, Berti M., Langeveld H., Zegada-Lizarazu W., Parrish D. & Monti, A. (2013). Integrating food and fuel: How to manage a 2G-crop portfolio. BioFPR. 7, 702-714; invited submission.
- Johnson, J.M.F., D.L. Karlen, G.L., Gresham, K.B. Cantrell, D.W. Archer, B.J. Wienhold, G.E. Varvel, D.A. Laird, J. Baker, T.E. Ochsner, J.M. Novak, A.D. Halvorson, F. Arriaga, D.T. Lightle, A. Hoover, R. Emerson & N.W. Barbour. 2014. Vertical distribution of structural components in corn stover. Agriculture 4:274-287. doi:10.3390/agriculture4040274
- Laird D.A., & Chang, C.W. (2013). Long-term impacts of residue harvesting on soil quality. Soil & Tillage Research. 134:33-40.
- Mitchell, R., M. Schmer, B. Anderson, V. Jin, K. Balkcom, J. Kiniry, A. Coffin, A. & P. White. 2016. Dedicated energy crops and crop residues for bioenergy feedstocks in the Central and Eastern USA. BioEnergy Res. 9:384-398. doi: 10.1007/s12155-016-9734-2
- Mitchell, R.B. & K.P. Vogel. 2016. Grass invasion into switchgrass managed for biomass energy. Bioenergy Res. 9(1):50-56. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12155-015-9656-4. doi:10.1007/s12155-015-9656-4
- Ojeda, J.J., J.J. Volenec, S.M. Brouder, O.P. Caviglia & M.G. Agnusdei. 2016. Evaluation of Agricultural Production Systems Simulator APSIM as yield predictor of Panicum virgatum and Miscanthus x giganteus in several US environments. GCB Bioenergy. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12384
- Orr, M.J., Gray, M.B., Applegate,B., Volenec,J., Brouder, S., & Turco, R. (2015). Transition to second generation cellulosic biofuel production systems reveals limited negative impacts on the soil microbial community structure. Applied Soil Ecology 95:62-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.06.002 (in press)
- Owens V.N., Viands D.R., Mayton H.S., Fike J.H., Farris R., Heaton E.A., Bransby D.I. & Hong C.O. (2013). Nitrogen use in switchgrass grown for bioenergy across the USA. Biomass and Bioenergy. 58, 286-293.
- Porter, P., R.B. Mitchell & K.J. Moore. 2015. Reducing hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico: Reimagining a more resilient agricultural landscape in the Mississippi River watershed. J. Soil Water Conserv. 70(3):63A-68A. http://www.jswconline.org/content/70/3/63A.refs
- Rogovska, N., D.A. Laird & D.L. Karlen. 2016. Corn and soil response to biochar application and stover harvest. Field Crops Res. 187:96-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.013
- Rogovska, N., D.A. Laird, S.J. Rathke, and D.L. Karlen. 2014. Biochar impact on Midwestern Mollisols and maize nutrient availability. Geoderma. 230:340-347.
- Serapiglia, M.J., A.A. Boateng, D.K. Lee & M.D. Casler, M.D. 2016. Switchgrass harvest time management can impact biomass yield and nutrient content. Crop Sci. 56(4):1970-1980. https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs/abstracts/56/4/1970. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.08.0527
- Sindelar, A., M. , M. Gesch, F. Forcella, C. Eberle, M. Thom & D. Archer. 2015. Winter oilseed production for biofuel in the U.S. Corn Belt: Opportunities and limitations. GCB Bioenergy. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12297
- Trybula, E.T., R. Cibin, J.L. Burks, I. Chaubey, S.M. Brouder & J.J. Volenec. 2014. Perennial rhizomatous grasses as bioenergy feedstock in SWAT: parameter development and model improvement. GCB Bioenergy, 7: 1185–1202. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12210
- Vogel, K.P., G. Sarath & R.B. Mitchell. 2014. Micro-mesh fabric pollination bags for switchgrass. Crop Sci. 54:1621-1623. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.09.0647
- Vogel, K.P., Mitchell, R.B., Casler, M. D. & Sarath, G. (2014). Registration of ‘Liberty’ switchgrass. Journal of Plant Registrations (accepted 25 Feb., 2014).
- Waramit, N., Moore K.J. & Heaton E.A. (2013). Nitrogen and harvest date affect developmental morphology and biomass yield of warm-season grasses. Global Change Biology Bioenergy. Article first published online: 29 AUG 2013, DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12086
- Woodson, P., S.M. Brouder & J.J. Volenec. 2013. Field-scale potassium and phosphorus fluxes in the bioenergy crop switchgrass: Theoretical energy yields and management implications. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 176:387-399. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.201200294/abstract. doi:10.1002/jpln.201200294
Proceedings
- Mitchell, R.B. (2013) Establishing and managing perennial grasses for bioenergy. Proc. 25th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, pp. 49-51. 2013.
- Mitchell, R.B., & Schmer, M.R. Switchgrass for biomass energy. Proc. Nebraska Crop Production Clinic Proceedings, University of Nebraska, pp. 13-16. 2014.
Abstracts
- Dierking, R.M., Volenec, J.J. & Murphy, P.T. (2013). Forage yield and quality of Miscanthus giganteus subjected to simulated haying/grazing conditions. Abstract 245-5. Inter. Meeting of the Amer. Soc. Agron.-Crop Sci. Soc. of Amer.-Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Nov. 2-6, Tampa, FL.
- Long, M.K., Volenec, J.J. & Brouder, S.M. (2013). Theoretical ethanol yield for potential bioenergy sorghum genotypes of differing compositions. Abstract 373-9. Inter. Meeting of the Amer. Soc. Agron.-Crop Sci. Soc. of Amer.-Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Nov. 2-6, Tampa, FL.
Module 3. Feedstock Logistics: Harvest & Storage
Fact Sheets
- Storing Perennial Grasses Grown for Biofuel, Kevin Shinners
- Logistical Challenges to Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a Bioenergy Crop – Amy Kohmetscher; Stuart Birrell.
- Successfully Harvest Switchgrass Grown for Biofuel; Kevin Shinners, Pam Porter (related PDF handout)
Webinars
- Switchgrass and Bioenergy Crop Logistics – Stuart Birrell
Instructional Video
- Harvesting Native Grass for Biofuel Production (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
- Optimizing Harvest of Perennial Grasses for Biofuel – Kevin Shinners (related PDF handout)
Technical Papers
See http://agriculturalmachineryengineering.weebly.com/technical-papers.html
- De Souza, A., Birrell, S.J., Steward, B.L & S. Ksketri. 2015. Moisture Content and Bulk Density Prediction Using Dielectric Properties for Switchgrass and Corn Stover. ASABE Paper No. 2160026, Am. Soc. of Agric. Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. doi:10.13031/aim.20152160026
- Khanchi, A. & S.J. Birrell. 2015. Influence of weather and swath density on drying characteristics of corn stover. ASABE Paper No. 2190753. 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting Am. Soc. of Agric. Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. doi: 10.13031/aim.20152190753. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Lacy, N.C. & K.J. Shinners. 2016. Reshaping and recompressing round biomass bales. Trans ASABE. 59(4):795-802. doi:10.13031/trans.59.11778.
- Shinners, K.J. & Friede, J.C. (2013). Improving the drying rate of switchgrass. ASABE Technical Paper No. 1591968.
- Shinners, K.J. & Friede, J.C. (2013). Energy requirements for at-harvest or on-farm size-reduction of biomass. ASABE Technical Paper No. 1591983.
- Shinners, K.J. & Friede, J.C., & Kraus, J. & Anstey, D. (2013). Improving bale handling logistics by strategic bale placement. ASABE Technical Paper No. 1591987.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Can I use my regular haying equipment to harvest switchgrass grown for biofuel?
- How high should I cut switchgrass? I am growing it as a bioenergy crop.
- How can I get a switchgrass crop to dry faster in the field once it’s been cut for biomass?
- How can I reduce dry matter losses to a biomass crop during storage?
Journal Publications
- Karlen, D.L., J.L. Kovar, S.J. Birrell. 2015. Corn Stover Nutrient Removal Estimates for Central Iowa, U.S.A. Sustainability 2015 7(7): 8621-8634. http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/7/8621. (Open Access)
- Khanchi, A. & S.J. Birrell, 2017. Effect of rainfall and swath density on dry matter and composition change during drying of switchgrass and corn stover. Biosystems Engineering 153:42-51.
- Sharma, B., E. Brandes, A. Khanchi, S. Birrell, E. Heaton & F. E. Miguez. 2015. Evaluation of Microalgae Biofuel Production Potential and Cultivation Sites Using Geographic Information Systems: A Review. BioEnergy Res. 8(4):1714–1734. doi: 10.1007/s12155-015-9623-0
- Williams,S.D. and K.J. Shinners. 2014. Farm-scale anaerobic storage and aerobic stability of high dry matter perennial grasses as biomass feedstock. Biomass & Bioenergy. 64:91-98.
Module 4. System Performance: Economics, Environment, Modeling, Analysis and Tools

CenUSA Models Predict Large Water Quality Improvements from Perennials
Case Study
Fact Sheets
- Estimated Cost of Establishment and Production of “Liberty” Switchgrass: Perennial Grass Decision Support Tool – Mainul Hoque, Georgeanne Artz, Chad Hart
- The Economics of Switchgrass for Biofuel – Richard Perrin
Research Summaries
- Competition For Land Use: Why Would a Rational Producer Grow Switchgrass for Biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
- Management Practices Impact Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Harvest of Corn Stover for Biofuels – Virginia Jin
- Minnesota Watershed Nitrogen Reduction Planning Tool – Bill Lazarus
Curriculum
- Developing a New Supply Chain for Biofuels: Contracting for Dedicated Energy Crops – Corinne Alexander
Webinars
- Competition for Land Use: Why would the rational producer grow switchgrass for biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
- Diversifying Cellulosic Feedstocks – DK Lee
- Perennial Herbaceous Biomass Biomass Production and Harvest in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Northern Great Plains – Susan Rupp
- Switchgrass Cost of Production – Marty Schmer
- Switchgrass Economics in the North Central Region of the USA (Captioned) – Richard Perrin
Instructional Video
- Enhancing the Mississippi Watershed with Perennial Bioenergy Crops – Pam Porter
- Role of Biochar in Achieving a Carbon Negative Economy – David Laird
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- What effects do corn stover removal rates have on greenhouse gas emissions from cropland?
- Can the use of conservation tillage help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cropland soils where residues are used for biofuel?
Journal Publications
- Schmer MR, Vogel KP, Varvel GE, Follett RF, Mitchell RB, et al. (2014) Energy Potential and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bioenergy Cropping Systems on Marginally Productive Cropland. PLoS ONE 9(3): e89501. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089501
- Schilling, K., Gassman, P., Kling, C. T. Campbell, M. Jha, C. Wolter, & J. Arnold. (2103). The Potential for Agricultural Land Use Change to Reduce Flood Risk in a Large Watershed. Hydrological Processes (2013), wileyonlinelibrary.com, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9865.
- Rabotyagov, S., Kling, C.L., Gassman, P., Rabalais, N. & Turner, R. (2014). The Economics of Dead Zones: Causes, Impacts, Policy Challenges, and a Model of the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, published online Jan. 5, 2014 DOI:10.1093/reep/ret024
- Keeler B., Krohn, B., Nickerson, T. & Hill, J. (2014). U.S. Federal agency models offer different visions for achieving Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) biofuel volumes. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2013) 47: 10095–10101. DOI: 10.1021/es402181y. (Cover Feature)
- Panagopoulos, Y., Gassman, P., Arritt, R., Herzmann, D., Campbell, T., Jha, M., Kling, C.L., Srinivasan, R., White, M. & Arnold, J. (2014). Surface Water Quality and Cropping Systems Sustainability under a Changing Climate in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69:483-494. DOI: 10.2489/jswc.69.6.483.
- Rabotyagov, S., Valcu, A. & Kling, C.L. (2014). Reversing the Property Rights: Practice-Based Approaches for Controlling Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Water Pollution When Emissions Aggregate Nonlinearly. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 96 (2): 397-419. DOI 10.1093/ajae/aat094.
Module 5. Feedstock Conversion and Biofuels Co-Product
CenUSA Feedstock Conversion, Refining and Co-Products – Ryan Smith
Case Study
Fact Sheets
- CenUSA Biochar Research Flyer (PDF) – David Laird and Jill Euken
- Pyrolysis: Process and Products (PDF) – Amy Kohmetscher
- Fast Pyrolysis Efficiently Turns Biomass into Renewable Fuels – Robert Brown
- Biochar: Prospects of Commercialization – David Laird and Pam Porter
- Master Gardeners’ Safety Precautions for Handling, Applying and Storing Biochar – Charles Schwab and Mark Hanna
Research Summaries
- Switchgrass Hay Could Be a Useful Roughage in Beef Diets While Offering a Market Alternative to Biofuels – Chris Clark
- Biochar Can Improve the Sustainability of Stover Removal for Bioenergy – David Laird
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2014 Extension Master Gardener’s CenUSA Biochar Demonstration Gardens: Is biochar a good soil amendment for home gardens? – Lynn Hagen
Concept for Pyrolysis Refinery Photo: Bioeconomy Institute at Iowa State University.
Webinars
- Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Drop-In Biofuels – Robert Brown
- Thermochemical Option: Biomass to Fuel – Robert Brown
- Biochar and Beyond with ARTi – Matt Kieffer, Juan Proano and Bernardo del Campo
Instructional Video
- Interactive Pyrolysis Lesson – Amy Kohmetscher
- Biochar: An Introduction to an Industry – David Laird
- Biochar 101: An Intro to Biochar – Kurt Spokas
- Role of Biochar in Achieving a Carbon Negative Economy – David Laird
- University of Minnesota Extension Master Gardener Biochar Research Summary – Julie Weisenhorn
Journal Publications
- Recent Publications About Biochar
- Allen, R.M. & Laird, D.A. (2013). Quantitative prediction of biochar soil amendments by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 77:1784-1794.
- Brown, T. R., Thilakaratne, R., Brown, R. C., & Hu, G. (2013). Techno-economic analysis of biomass to transportation fuels and electricity via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing. Fuel 106, 463–469, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.029.
- Brown, T. & Brown, R. C. (2013). A review of cellulosic biofuel commercial-scale projects in the United States. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefineries 7, 235-245. DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1387.
- Brown, T. & Brown, R. C. (2013). Techno-economics of advanced biofuels pathways. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances 3 (17), 5758 – 5764, DOI: 10.1039/C2RA23369J.
- Fidel, R.B., Laird, D.A. & Thompson, M.L. (2013). Evaluation of Modified Boehm Titration Methods for Use with Biochars. Journal of Environmental Quality. 42:1771-1778.
- Kauffman, N., J. Dumortier, D.J. Hayes, R.C. Brown, and D.A. Laird. 2014. Producing energy while sequestering carbon? The relationship between biochar and agricultural productivity. Biomass and Bioenergy. 63:167-176.
- Thilakaratne, R., Brown, T., Li, Y., Hu, G., & Brown R.C. (2014). Mild catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for production of transportation fuels: a techno-economic analysis. Green Chemistry, DOI: 10.1039/C3GC41314D.
- Zhang, Y., Hu, G., & Brown, R. C. (2013). Life cycle assessment of the production of hydrogen and transportation fuels from corn stover via fast pyrolysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 025001 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025001.
Module 6. Markets and Distribution

Fact Sheet
- The Economics of Switchgrass for Biofuel – Richard Perrin
- Utilization of Mature Switchgrass as Roughage in Feedlot Diets (PDF) – Chris Clark and Dan Loy
Research Summary
- What Would it Take to Convince Farmers to Grow Switchgrass for Biomass? – Richard Perrin
- Switchgrass Hay Could Be a Useful Roughage in Beef Diets While Offering a Market Alternative to Biofuels – Chris Clark
- Competition For Land Use: Why Would a Rational Producer Grow Switchgrass for Biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
- Switchgrass Hay Utilizationas Roughage in Beef Diets – Chris Clark
Webinars
- Competition for Land Use: Why would the rational producer grow switchgrass for biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
- Switchgrass Production Industry Perspectives – David Stock
Instructional Video
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Is there a market for switchgrass for biofuel and how do I get started?
- Can you feed switchgrass to livestock until a biofuel market develops for it?
Journal Publications
- Kauffman, N., Dumortier, J., Hayes, D.J. Brown, R.C. & Laird, D.A. “Producing energy while sequestering carbon? The relationship between biochar and agricultural productivity. Forthcoming in Biomass and Bioenergy.
- Kauffman, N. & Hayes, D. (2013)The Trade-off between Bioenergy and Emissions with Land Constraints. Energy Policy 54, 300-310, 2013.
- Jacobs, K. Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy in the Central United States: Updates on Economics and Research Progress. 2013 ICM Conference Proceedings, Iowa State University.
Module 7. Health and Safety

Fact Sheets
- Master Gardeners’ Safety Precautions for Handling, Applying and Storing Biochar – Charles Schwab and Mark Hanna
Webinar
- Safety Issues in On-Farm Biomass Production – Douglas Schaufler
Video
- Hazards of Biomass Production on Marginal Land – Douglas Schaufler
Research Summary
- Overview of Comparative Injury Risk Between Annual Corn and Perennial Switchgrass Production – Saxon Ryan, Charles Schwab, and Mark Hanna
- Safety and Health Risks of Producing Biomass on the Farm – Douglas Schaufler
Journal Publications
- Schaufler, D. H., Yoder, A.M., Murphy, D. J., Schwab, C.V. & Dehart. A.F. Safety and Health Hazards in On-Farm Biomass Production & Processing. (2014). ASABE Journal Agricultural Safety and Health.
- Yoder, A.M., C. V. Schwab, P. D. Gunderson, and D. J. Murphy. 2013. Safety and Health in Biomass Production, Transportation and Storage. Journal of Agromedicine. DOI: 10.1080/1059924X.2014.886539.
- Ryan, S. J., C. V. Schwab, and G. A. Mosher. 2015. Development of a probabilistic risk assessment model to measure the difference in Safety risk of corn and biofuel switchgrass farming systems. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health (Submitted).
Technical Papers
- Ryan, S. J., C. V. Schwab, and G. A. Mosher. 2015. Agricultural Risk: Development of a probabilistic risk assessment model for measurement of the difference in risk of corn and biofuel switchgrass farming systems. International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health summer conference Bloomington-Normal, Illinois. ISASH Paper No. 15-01. ISASH Urbana, IL 61801.
- Yoder Aaron M., D.J. Murphy, and A.F. DeHart. 2013. A Technical Review on Safety in On-Farm Biomass Production and Storage Systems: Status and Industry Needs. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Technical Paper No. 1620568.
“Formal” Educational Programs and Curriculum
In order to prepare the next generation of workers for the emerging bioeconomy, CenUSA is providing interdisciplinary training and engagement opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students; and developing a bioenergy curriculum core for the Central region of the United States.
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Developing a New Supply Chain for Biofuels: Contracting for Dedicated Energy Crops – Corinne Alexander
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Video: CenUSA Bioenergy 2015 Summer Undergraduate Research Internship – Raj Raman
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Interactive Pyrolysis Lesson – Amy Kohmetscher

Extension Programs
CenUSA Extension and Outreach: Perennial Grass Bioenergy Research and Knowhow for Producers, Students and Stakeholders
Archived CenUSA Webinars
Biochar Demonstration – Extension Master Gardener reports
- Three years on, Master Gardeners talk about the rewards and challenges of volunteering at Minnesota’s three CenUSA biochar test sites. http://blogs.extension.org/mastergardener/2014/09/16/research-experience-wasp-nests-teamwork-and-sprinklers-gone-wild/ –
- Bringing research to blossom with U of M Extension Master Gardeners – http://blog.lib.umn.edu/umnext/news/2014/02/bringing-research-to-blossom-with-u-of-m-extension-master-gardeners.php
- Fond du Lac Community Master Gardeners contribute to CenUSA biochar research and teach kids about growing food, too. http://blogs.extension.org/mastergardener/2014/12/02/2014-cenusa-bioenergy-project/
- 2012 Extension Master Gardener Annual Report – http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/master-gardener/coordinators/reporting/2012_emg_annual_report.pdf
- Biochar: A New Lease on Life, p4, Spring 2014 UMN Master Gardener Update. www.extension.umn.edu/garden/master-gardener/about/docs/ne_newsletter__spring_2014_2.pdf
- Dirt-O-Rama – Is Is Biochar Good for Home Gardens? – www.arboretum.umn.edu/dirtscience.aspx
- U of M scientists, Master Gardeners part of team to analyze biofuel production and land use. http://discover.umn.edu/news/environment/u-m-scientists-master-gardeners-part-team-analyze-biofuel-production-and-land-use
CenUSA Social Media: Newsletter, Facebook, Twitter
BLADES Newsletter – your source for the latest information on grass-based bioenergy research, policy and industry breakthroughs, innovative educational programs and upcoming events.
Twitter @ cenusabioenergy
CenUSA Bioenergy Resources by MediaType
(same resources as above, but organized by type)
Fact Sheets, Guides and Articles
- Biochar: Prospects of Commercialization – David Laird and Pam Porter
- CenUSA Biochar Research Flyer (PDF) – David Laird and Jill Euken
- CenUSA Extension and Outreach: Perennial Grass Bioenergy Research and Knowhow for Producers, Students and Stakeholders – Jill Euken
- CenUSA Feedstock Conversion, Refining and Co-Products – Ryan Smith
- CenUSA Feedstock Development – Mike Casler
- CenUSA Feedstock Logistics: Innovative Systems for Harvest, Transportation, and Storage of Perennial Grass Biomass – Kevin Shinners
- CenUSA Models Predict Large Water Quality Improvements from Perennials – Pam Porter
- The CenUSA Legacy: Creating a Sustainable Biofuels and Bioproducts System for the Midwest
- Control Weeds in Switchgrass (Panicum Virgatum L.) Grown for Biomass – Rob Mitchell
- Economics of Switchgrass for Biofuel – Richard Perrin
- Estimated Cost of Establishment and Production of “Liberty” Switchgrass: Perennial Grass Decision Support Tool – Mainul Hoque, Georgeanne Artz, Chad Hart
- Fast Pyrolysis Efficiently Turns Biomass into Renewable Fuels – Robert Brown
- Guidelines to Growing Perennial Grasses for Biofuel and Bioproducts (PDF) – Rob Mitchell
- Logistical Challenges to Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a Bioenergy Crop – Amy Kohmetscher, Stuart Birrell
- Master Gardeners’ Safety Precautions for Handling, Applying and Storing Biochar – Charles Schwab and Mark Hanna
- Plant Breeders Create New and Better Switchgrass Varieties for Biofuels– Michael Casler
- Pyrolysis: Process and Products (PDF) – Amy Kohmetscher
- Recent Publications About Biochar
- Storing Perennial Grasses Grown for Biofuel – Kevin Shinners
- Successfully Harvest Switchgrass Grown for Biofuel – Kevin Shinners, Pam Porter (related PDF handout)
- Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) for Biofuel Production – Rob Mitchell (related PDF handout)
- Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L) Stand Establishment: Key Factors for Success – Rob Mitchell (related PDF handout)
- Test Plots Show How Perennial Grasses Can Be Grown for Biofuels– Rob Mitchell, Jeff Volenec – (related PDF handout)
- Utilization of Mature Switchgrass as Roughage in Feedlot Diets (PDF) – Chris Clark and Dan Loy
Research Summaries & Case Studies
- Biochar Can Improve the Sustainability of Stover Removal for Bioenergy – David Laird
- Biofuel Quality Improved by Delaying Harvest of Perennial Grass – Emily Heaton
- Competition For Land Use: Why Would a Rational Producer Grow Switchgrass for Biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
- Making Business Decisions with Precision Data Can Encourage Perennial Grass Production – Susan Harlow
- Management Practices Impact Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Harvest of Corn Stover for Biofuels – Virginia Jin
- Minnesota Watershed Nitrogen Reduction Planning Tool – Bill Lazarus
- Near-Infrared (NIR) Analysis Provides Efficient Evaluation of Biomass Samples – Bruce Dien, USDA-ARS
- Overview of Comparative Injury Risk Between Annual Corn and Perennial Switchgrass Production – Saxon Ryan, Charles Schwab, and Mark Hanna
- Research Finds Strong Genetic Diversity in Switchgrass Gene Pools – Michael Casler
- Renmatix Processes Biomass into Sugars for Industrial Use – Susan Harlow
- Safety and Health Risks of Producing Biomass on the Farm – Douglas Schaufler
- Switchgrass Hay Could Be a Useful Roughage in Beef Diets While Offering a Market Alternative to Biofuels – Chris Clark
- What Would it Take to Convince Farmers to Grow Switchgrass for Biomass? – Richard Perrin
- 2014 Extension Master Gardener’s CenUSA Biochar Demonstration Gardens: Is biochar a good soil amendment for home gardens? – Lynn Hagen
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Can I use my regular haying equipment to harvest switchgrass grown for biofuel?
- Can the use of conservation tillage help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cropland soils where residues are used for biofuel?
- Can you feed switchgrass to livestock until a biofuel market develops for it?
- How can I get a switchgrass crop to dry faster in the field once it’s been cut for biomass?
- How can I reduce dry matter losses to a biomass crop during storage?
- How do I grow switchgrass to provide biomass to be used in the production of biofuels?
- How high should I cut switchgrass? I am growing it as a bioenergy crop.
- Is there a market for switchgrass for biofuel and how do I get started?
- Should I begin establishing switchgrass in case they put a cellulosic ethanol plant near by?
- Should I fertilize switchgrass when I plant it?
- What effects do corn stover removal rates have on greenhouse gas emissions from cropland?
- When should I plant switchgrass?
- Why is it important to be able to grow a consistent and uniform supply of a biomass feedstock?
- Will switchgrass grow well in my region?
- Will weeds be a problem after my switchgrass stand is established?
Archived Webinars
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Aphid Resistance in Switchgrass CenUSA Bioenergy – Kyle Koch
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Biochar 101: An Intro to Biochar – Kurt Spokas
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Biochar and Beyond with ARTi – Matt Kieffer, Juan Proano and Bernardo del Campo
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Competition for Land Use: Why would the rational producer grow switchgrass for biofuel? – Keri Jacobs
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Diversifying Cellulosic Feedstocks – DK Lee
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No-Till Drill Calibration Training Video (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
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Overview of Switchgrass Diseases – Stephen Wegulo
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Perennial Herbaceous Biomass Biomass Production and Harvest in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Northern Great Plains – Susan Rupp
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Role of Biochar in Achieving a Carbon Negative Economy – David Laird
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Safety Issues in On-Farm Biomass Production – Douglas Schaufler
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Switchgrass and Bioenergy Crop Logistics – Stuart Birrell
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Switchgrass and Perennial Grasses, Biomass and Biofuels, Part 1 (Captions) – Ken Vogel
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Switchgrass and Perennial Grasses, Biomass and Biofuels, Part 2 – Ken Vogel
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Switchgrass Cost of Production – Marty Schmer
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Switchgrass Decision Tool – Keri Jacobs and Chad Hart
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Switchgrass Economics in the North Central Region of the USA (Captioned) – Richard Perrin
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Switchgrass Establishment, Weed Control, and Seed Quality – Rob Mitchell
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Switchgrass Production Industry Perspectives – David Stock
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Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Drop-In Biofuels – Robert Brown
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Thermochemical Option: Biomass to Fuel – Robert Brown
Instructional Video
Sustainability in Bioenergy: A Nation Connected – US Department of Energy
Link to the CenUSA Vimeo Site; Link to the CenUSA YouTube Site
- Biochar: An Introduction to an Industry – David Laird
- CenUSA Bioenergy-Opportunities in Biofuel
- The CenUSA Legacy – Pam Porter
- 2012 CenUSA Bioenergy Overview
- 2012 CenUSA Bioenergy Farmer Focus – Kevin Ross
- CenUSA Bioenergy 2015 Summer Undergraduate Research Internship – Raj Raman
- Commercialization Update: Opportunities for Perennial Biofeedstocks – Rob Mitchell
- Enhancing the Mississippi Watershed with Perennial Bioenegy Crops – Pam Porter
- Entomology Research: Examining Insect Populations and Exploring Natural Plant Resistance (Captions) – Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Harvesting Native Grass for Biofuel Production (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
- Hazards of Biomass Production on Marginal Land – Douglas Schaufler
- How to Measure Stand Establishment Using a Grid – John Guretzky
- Intro to No-Till Drill Calibration for Switchgrass (+Captions) – Rob Mitchell
- Optimizing Harvest of Perennial Grasses for Biofuel – Kevin Shinners
- Plant Breeding to Improve Yield and Sustainability of Perennial Grasses – Michael Casler
- Plant Pathogen Risk Analysis for Bioenergy Switchgrass Grown in the Central USA – Gary Yuen
- Switchgrass Planting Practices for Stand Establishment – Rob Mitchell
- University of Minnesota Extension Master Gardener Biochar Research Summary – Julie Weisenhorn
Midwest Bioenergy Outreach Videos
- Learn about Biofuels in “3 Minutes”
- Learn about Biofuels in Depth
Classroom Curriculum – see above
CenUSA Bioenergy Overview
CenUSA is supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2011-68005-30411 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.